In this topic, students extend their understanding of probability, building on work from Grade 11. The multiplication rule for independent events introduced in Grade 11 is generalized to a rule that can be used to calculate the probability of the intersection of two events in situations where the two events are not independent (S-CP.B.8). Students are also introduced to three techniques for counting outcomes—the fundamental counting principle, permutations, and combinations (S-CP.B.9). Students consider the distinction between combinations and permutations and identify situations where it would be appropriate to use each of these methods.
In the final lesson of this topic, students use the fundamental counting principle, permutations, and combinations to calculate probabilities, and these probabilities are interpreted in context. In Lesson 4, students must explain how to determine the probability (either using a permutation or combination) that a 4-digit pass code could be 1234 if the digits in the code cannot repeat.
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